Please note that this is all untested on my part and I dont claim to know your circumstance or unexpected variables.
Boiling: - Boil water vigorously for at least five minutes to kill germs. Water can be treated by heating rocks in a fire and dropping them into a suitable water filled container or by placing a suitable container filled with water over a fire. This will give the water a flat taste which can be somewhat offset by pouring water back and forth between two containers. Making tea with the water is also an option. You can also cook meat with the water to get broth to drink.
Treat with chlorine or iodine: Chemically treated water should be left to sit for half an hour.
- Chlorine tablets can be bought and the pill number used per gallon of water ratio should be on the bottle.
- Determine if your household product containing chlorine is safe for treating water. I hear you should only use regular unscented chlorine bleach products that are suitable for disinfection and sanitization as indicated on the label. The label may say that the active ingredient contains 6 or 8.25% of sodium hypochlorite. The ratio of household bleach drops per gallon is eight drops per gallon of water and twelve drops per gallon if the water is colored or turbid.
- The iodine drops per gallon ratio is sixteen drops per gallon.
You should have about four liters of water per person each day.
Topographical and aerial maps can be used to help find water. Canyons, low valleys, and gorge bottoms are the most likely places to find water in mountainous countries. If melting snow for drinking dig beneath the surface layer and use the whitest and purest snow available.
There is no way I know of to visually determine if a spring or mountain creek ect... is contaminated. The only sure way is to make a chemical analysis of the water. In many of the more widely traveled outdoor areas such as national parks there will be a sign stating if the water is fit for drinking. Water that has an unusual odor should not be drunk until tested.
You can also make water filters by getting a funnel (chop a 2 liter plastic bottle in half) and stuffing it with (from top to bottom) rocks, charcoal, sand then a cloth at the bottom to get any unwanted crap out of it, and the charcoal really helps in pulling out bad crap too.
I drank from a nearly stagnant, nearly, creek a few weeks ago. Used a sawyer filter. Worked pretty damn good, water went from slightly green tinged to crystal clear, and it tasted fine. I wasnt worried about like giardia or cryptosporidium or anything so i didnt bother with boiling. Otherwise i would boil and filter
Excellent point! I wasn't aware of a toxicity threshold for it, so I looked it up:
Tests for acute oral toxicity, eye irritation, corrosion and dermal toxicity of colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were conducted in laboratory animals following OECD guidelines. Oral administration of AgNPs at a limited dose of 5,000 mg/kg produced neither mortality nor acute toxic signs throughout the observation period. Percentage of body weight gain of the mice showed no significant difference between control and treatment groups. In the hematological analysis, there was no significant difference between mice treated with AgNPs and controls. Blood chemistry analysis also showed no differences in any of the parameter examined. There was neither any gross lesion nor histopathological change observed in various organs. The results indicated that the LD(50) of colloidal AgNPs is greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight. In acute eye irritation and corrosion study, no mortality and toxic signs were observed when various doses of colloidal AgNPs were instilled in guinea pig eyes during 72 hr observation period. However, the instillation of AgNPs at 5,000 ppm produced transient eye irritation during early 24 hr observation time. No any gross abnormality was noted in the skins of the guinea pigs exposed to various doses of colloidal AgNPs. In addition, no significant AgNPs exposure relating to dermal tissue changes was observed microscopically. In summary, these findings of all toxicity tests in this study suggest that colloidal AgNPs could be relatively safe when administered to oral, eye and skin of the animal models for short periods of time.
[ + ] TheOriginal1Icemonkey
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pic I found: https://pics.me.me/rocks-fine-sand-cloth-bottle-bottom-bottle-top-charcoal-buzzle-com-17927938.png
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I've had good luck with colloidal silver as well. Silver is used as an antimicrobial on some Katadyn units.
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[ + ] Fascinus
[ - ] Fascinus 0 points 2.7 yearsAug 28, 2021 12:46:48 ago (+0/-0)
Excellent point! I wasn't aware of a toxicity threshold for it, so I looked it up:
Tests for acute oral toxicity, eye irritation, corrosion and dermal toxicity of colloidal silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were conducted in laboratory animals following OECD guidelines. Oral administration of AgNPs at a limited dose of 5,000 mg/kg produced neither mortality nor acute toxic signs throughout the observation period. Percentage of body weight gain of the mice showed no significant difference between control and treatment groups. In the hematological analysis, there was no significant difference between mice treated with AgNPs and controls. Blood chemistry analysis also showed no differences in any of the parameter examined. There was neither any gross lesion nor histopathological change observed in various organs. The results indicated that the LD(50) of colloidal AgNPs is greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight. In acute eye irritation and corrosion study, no mortality and toxic signs were observed when various doses of colloidal AgNPs were instilled in guinea pig eyes during 72 hr observation period. However, the instillation of AgNPs at 5,000 ppm produced transient eye irritation during early 24 hr observation time. No any gross abnormality was noted in the skins of the guinea pigs exposed to various doses of colloidal AgNPs. In addition, no significant AgNPs exposure relating to dermal tissue changes was observed microscopically. In summary, these findings of all toxicity tests in this study suggest that colloidal AgNPs could be relatively safe when administered to oral, eye and skin of the animal models for short periods of time.
Source: An evaluation of acute toxicity of colloidal silver nanoparticles - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21712637/
LD(50) greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight
That's a shit ton. My takeaway from this is that, for ordinary use, there essentially isn't one.
Ionic silver on the other hand... https://files.catbox.moe/hq1mco.jpg
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