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Dostoevsky turned even more fiercely against the Roman Catholic Church. The Pope strove for universal worldly power like the Western Roman Empire. To achieve this, he had taken up the sword and used lies, cunning, deceit, fanaticism, superstition and crime. Catholicism preached the Antichrist and was worse than atheism. In Russia, faith had only disappeared among the privileged circles, but in Europe large masses of the people had already lost their faith out of hatred for the Church. Atheism and socialism arose from the moral resistance to Catholicism. Both ideologies wanted to save man, not through Christ, but by means of violence. Jesuits were portrayed as cunning scum and deceivers.